| Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research July 1972, Volume
66, No.3, PP 253-263 EEG Patterns and ESP Results in Forced-Choice Experiments with Lalsingh Harribance R. L. Morris, W. G. Roll, J. Klein AND G. Wheeler ABSTRACT: These studies examine the EEG patterns of Lalsingh Harribancee recorded while he was taking ESP tests at which he had previously demonstrated ability. In the first study his task was to guess the sex of persons shown in concealed photographs. A total of 105 runs was carried out, with 668 hits where 525 was expected by chance (CR = 8.83, P<10-12). High-scoring runs (scores of 8, 9, and 10) showed more percent-time alpha than chance-scoring runs (scores of 4, 5, and 6), P<. 05. A comparison of percent-time alpha just prior to the run with percent-time alpha during the run showed that high-scoring runs produced less of a tendency to decrease percent-time alpha from pre-run to run than did chance-scoring runs (P<. 03). A second study with the same sensitive involved fifty down-through runs with standard ESP cards. Overall results were significant (CR = 4.88, P<. 001). High scoring runs (scores of 10 or more) showed more percent-time alpha than chance-scoring runs (scores of 4, 5 and 6), P<. 005. However, pre-run to run shift in percent-time alpha was unrelated to ESP scores in this study. INTRODUCTION Lalsingh Harribance (L.H.) has in the past succeeded both in forced-choice ESP tests (18, 19) and in free verbal response (FVR) tests in which he was asked to give "readings" to individuals to whom he had no sensory access (20). However, the procedure and assessment of FVR tests are complex and poorly suited to explore the relationship of a person’s psi abilities to variables which are themselves complex and difficult to assess, such as brain wave patterns. As a result, little research has been published on the psychophysiology of psi in FVR studies. In a brief EEG study by Evans and Osborn (6) of the waking, hypnotic and trance states of Mrs. Garrett there was no attempt to look for evidence of ESP in her trance utterances. No clear EEG differences between the three states emerged. Fortunately, L.H. is able to apply his psi abilities in simple card-calling tests, thus greatly facilitating the search for the parameters of these abilities. In recent years several studies have tried to find psychophysiological correlates of successful performance in standard ESP card-guessing tests. Such research can have several objectives including supplementation of the subjects’ verbal descriptions and their internal states when scoring well and when doing poorly furthering our understanding of the roles of attention, amount of experienced vivid images, level of emotional arousal and other factors relevant to information processing with respect to high ESP performance; and developing techniques whereby "biofeedback" procedures can be used to further our efforts to train people to enter internal states that are conducive to psi. Specific attention has been paid to EEG correlates of psi-favorable states (e.g., 3, 14, 15), particularly to that aspect of the EEG pattern referred to as the "alpha" rhythm. The International Federation for Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (24) officially defines the alpha rhythm as a "rhythm, usually with frequency 8-13 Hz in adults, more prominent in the posterior areas, present most markedly when eyes are closed and attenuated during attention, especially visual. Lindsley (13), in a survey of EEG literature, states that the occipital alpha rhythm appears to be associated with relaxed wakefulness in which attention wanders and is not forced. Such a state is similar to that often reported by successful subjects as being conducive to ESP (26), and has led to hypothesis that the presence of occipital alpha should be positively correlated with ESP success (e.g., 15, 23). Results of studies done so far have not been consistent. Wallworth (25), Stanford (21), and Stanford and Stanford (23) obtained evidence of a relationship between amount of alpha and ESP. Cadoret (1) and Honorton (8) found a positive relationship, where Standford and Lovin (22) and Honorton and Carbone (9) found a negative relationship. The tests are not all comparable, however. Cadoret and Honorton and Carbone studied the relationship between changing EEG patterns and changing ESP scores in the same subject or subjects (within-subject relationship). The other investigation obtained their results by establishing the overall EEG characteristics of each subject and compared these to his overall ESP scores (between-subjects analysis). As Stanford and Lovin point out however, Cadoret’s design may have provided more opportunity for within-subject relationships to occur than the other study. (22, p. 376). The present studies (Series 10 and 11 of our forced-choice tests with L.H.) were designed to examine within-subject relationships between amount of alpha and ESP success. At the time of the first study, L.H. had just completed a highly successful series of tests in which he guessed the sex of persons on photographs which were placed on a table in an adjoining room (19). We retained the earlier procedures in Series 10, with the addition of the EEG recording, in the hope that L.H. would continue to obtain strong scores for use in the EEG analyses. In Series 11 we introduced some advances in technique and substituted standard ESP cards for the photographs. SERIES 10 Procedure A Medcraft Model D electroencephalograph was used. Electrodes were standard Grass silver-plated electrodes, attached to the scalp by Grass EC 2 Electrode Cream. Recording was bipolar, left occipital to right occipital. At the start of each session, L.H. was seated in a comfortable chair and the electrodes attached. He was then left alone in his room, with the door closed, for the duration of the session. After a brief rest period, the session began. The procedure was similar to that used in the earlier report by Roll and Klein, which contains a detailed floor plan of the rooms and equipment used in these studies (19, p. 105). Judith Klein (J.K.) sat at a round table in the middle of a room (Room 2) which adjoined L.H.’s room (Room 1), but which did not share an entrance or window with it. To start, J.K. hand-shuffled a deck of ten cards six times. Five of these cards had pictures of males pasted on them and five had pictures of females. Upon completion of the shuffle, she rapped once lightly on the table. This signaled the EEG operator, either Geoffrey Wheeler or Robert Morris (R.M.), to rap once on L.H.’s wall while marking the EEG record at the same time, thereby indicating the start of the run. J.K. then placed the ten cards face down one at a time on top of a blanket on the table, moving from left to right. L.H., upon hearing the signal, wrote ten calls on a record sheet which had spaces corresponding to the ten target cards. He used a vertical line to indicate his impression that a given card had a photograph of a male and a horizontal line to indicate a female photograph. L.H. therefore started his guesses at the same time that J.K. started placing the cards, and he would generally finish shortly after she was finished placing them. He was asked to make the order of his guesses correspond to the order in which they were placed; e.g., his first guess was for the far left card. When L.H. was done, he flipped a switch which blinked a light next to the EEG operator, who then marked the end of the run on the EEG record. Following this, J.K. turned the cards over and recorded the number of each card in sequence. Cards 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9 were female; the others were male. After a brief interval, J.K. collected the cards and repeated the procedure. A session consisted of ten runs. After completion of the ten runs, L.H. could signal his desire to do a second session by blinking the light twice. On three occasions we ran two sessions in one day; on three other occasions there was one session a day and on the last day we had our regular session and added five runs to make a total of 105 runs. All were done between May 18 and 2? , 1970. Following completion of the last session for the day, J.K. collected L.H.’s response sheet and turned over one copy of the target order record sheet and one copy of L.H.’s response sheet to W.G. Roll (W.G.R.) in his office. The carbon of each was left in the front office with a secretary for R.M. to collect later in the day. Neither R.M. nor W.G.R. knew the code for converting numbers to male or female and neither examined the sheets until the end of the study. Therefore, no one knew the results until the study was completed. We planned at the outset to conduct a total of 100 runs (1000 trials). On the third day of testing, we noticed that L.H. took very little time on some of his runs. When questioned, L.H. said that he sometimes made his guesses before the signal to begin was given. We requested him to be certain from then on not to begin his responses until after the signal since the EEG analysis would otherwise be invalidated. L.H. was only able to identify two of the runs which he called in advance. To make up for these and similar runs we decided at that time to add five runs to the experiment, bringing the total to 105 runs (1050 trials). At the end of the experiment we examined run durations on the polygraph record and found an additional eleven runs which L.H. had done in a conspicuously rapid manner. A total of thirteen runs was therefore omitted from the EEG-ESP analyses-these eleven plus the two that had been identified by L.H. as having been called in advance. All thirteen occurred on or before the day during which we discovered that L.H. had not fully understood the directions. The examination of the EEG record and the decision regarding which runs to exclude from the EEG-ESP study were made by analyzing the relation between L.H.’s ESP results and his EEG patterns; this analysis was carried out by an assistant who was unaware of the ESP results. Scoring of the ESP hits and misses was done independently by R.M. and an assistant after completion of all the sessions. Each first took a copy of L.H.’s calls and transcribed them onto other record sheets, thereby making duplicate copies of all of L.H.’s response records. Next they took J.K.’s records of the target orders and, with the calls covered, decoded and transcribed the target orders onto the duplicate record sheets. Each run’s target order was placed opposite the calls for that run. The results were then checked. Scoring of the EEG record for amount of alpha was done blind by a person who had no other part in the experiment. Our measure of "amount" of alpha was the percentage of time L.H. showed alpha on his record. No attention was paid to high versus low amplitude. Prior to the analysis, the criterion for presence of alpha was set at three or more consecutive cycles between 8-13 Hz above an arbitrary minimum amplitude of .2 cm deflection. To obtain a "percent-time alpha" measure for each run, the total duration of alpha was divided by the total duration of the period between the marks on the EEG record indicating the beginning and the end of the run. This is analogous to the procedures for assessing abundance of alpha used in the earlier EEG-ESP studies. Measures of percent-time alpha were taken for each run and also for each ten- second period just prior to the run. In this way short-term ranges in alpha abundance from just prior to the run to the run itself could be assessed, in addition to the alpha abundance during the run. Results For all 105 runs performed during Series 10, 668 hits were obtained where 525 are expected by chance (CR=8.83, P< 10-12). This represents a scoring rate of 63.6 per cent, which is comparable to L.H.’s rates in the two previous tests (19), series 8 and 9, using the same procedure (62.2 per cent and 67.7 per cent respectively). As mentioned above, the thirteen runs in which L.H. made his calls in advance of the signal to begin were inappropriate for the EEG-ESP analyses and were therefore removed. The ESP scoring rate on these runs was 69 per cent, somewhat higher than the overall ESP scoring rate. Recalculation of the analyses of the relation between ESP and alpha (presented below) with these runs included produced no change in significance levels. Our main interest was to compare the EEG patterns from high-scoring runs, in which ESP appeared to be present throughout the run, with runs in which ESP appeared only minimally, if at all. Prior to the analysis, we arbitrarily decided to place runs with scores of eight, nine and ten in the high-scoring group and runs with scores of four, five and six in the chance-scoring group. Scores of zero, one, two and three were excluded from the analysis, as were scores of seven. There were twenty-three run scores of eight, nine and ten and forty run scores of four, five and six. As shown in Table 1, L.H. produced alpha 24.8 per cent of the time during high-scoring runs as opposed to 15.5 per cent of the time during the chance-scoring runs. This difference is statistically significant (P < .05, two tailed) when assessed by the Mann-Whitney U test. |
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| This result could reflect a general psychophysiological state present before as well
as during the actual run, as opposed to a state that L.H. entered at the start of the run.
To assess this, the percent-time alpha during the ten seconds immediately preceding the
run was compared with the percent-time alpha during the run itself. A negative shift would
mean that alpha abundance decreased when L.H. made his calls while a positive shift would
mean that there was an increase. Table 1 shows that the chance-scoring runs produced a
mean negative shift in percent-time alpha of 14.0 per cent alpha whereas the high-scoring
runs produced mean positive shift of 2.3 per cent alpha. The difference is statistically
significant (.03>P>.02) when assessed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Thus the
difference between high scoring and chance scoring for L.H. appears to involve changes in
internal state as well as the extent to which a favorable state is present. No position
effects within the run or from run to run, of the sort obtained in the earlier work with
L.H., were found in the data from this study. Visual inspection of the data within the run
revealed that trials six, seven and eight had the highest scoring rate and trial ten the
lowest; however, no real trends are evident. SERIES 11 Procedure Two improvements in EEG technique were initiated for Series 11. Electrode placement was monopolar, left occipital to right mastoid. This arrangement provided a clearer measure of L.H.’s alpha, since in Series 10 any alpha that was synchronous under the bipolar electrode sites would have canceled out and not show on the record. A second improvement was the use of an alpha filter constructed by Mr. Fritz Klein to provide a more objective record of percent-time alpha. The filter produced a signal on a spare channel of the EEG record whenever one or more complete cycles in the 8-13 Hz range occurred. The minimum amplitude was set for 1/5 of the maximum alpha deflection shown by L.H. during a resting state, eyes closed, at the start of the first session. This amplitude was in fact very similar to the .2 cm deflection used in the first study. The procedure was somewhat different form that used in Series 10. Targets were the five standard ESP symbols in packs of twenty-five each, five cards of each symbol. Each pack was encased in an opaque, stiff cardboard box. The cards were randomized with the aid of a random number table the night before the session by an assistant who was not involved in the rest of the study. The boxes of cards ere kept in a locked building overnight. Fifty runs were done in all, during the period from September 23 to October 7, 1970. Five runs were completed during each of eight sessions, ten during the ninth session. In the morning, prior to a session, the electrodes were attached to L.H. The closed boxes of cards were then brought to him as he sat in his chair in Room 1. He was allowed to touch the boxes and to choose those he wished to work with that day. All the boxes were marked in such a way that any substitution would have been apparent and L.H. did not handle the boxes in such a sway as to be able to open them and examine the cards. The experimenter (J.K.) was present and watching during the brief period of time that L.H. had the cards in the same room. The boxes were then removed to Room 2 for the duration of the testing session. At the start of the first run, J.K. placed one of the card boxes on a table in front of her and signaled L.H. electronically with a foot treadle. This treadle produced a click in a response device held by L.H. and also made a mark on a marker channel of the EEG record. The response device incorporated the dial from an ordinary telephone. This has ten spaces, usually marked 1-0. Instead of numbers, every second space had one of the five ESP symbols pasted beside it. For instance, if L.H. guessed "circle," he would dial one; if he guessed "cross," he would dial three and so on. In each run L.H. made twenty-five guesses this way. The dial was connected to the EEG machine so that each time L.H. dialed a specific digit, a corresponding number of deflections automatically occurred on the marker channel. For instance, if the guess was "circle, " there would be one deflection; if the guess was "cross, " there would be three; and so on. In this way the ESP responses were registered directly on the EEG record. After L.H. had dialed his twenty-fifth call, the EEG operator pressed a thumb-switch which made a click in L.H.’s device, signaling that the run was over. After each run of twenty-five calls, there was a brief rest period. At the end of each session, the results were checked and double-checked by both the experimenter and the EEG operator and L.H. was shown his scores. Results The fifty runs yielded a mean score of 6.38 where five is chance (CR = 4.88, P<.001). Forty runs produced usable record in terms of alpha. Ten runs were discarded by the individual assigned to score them as too unclear due to mechanical difficulties with the apparatus. The person making this decision was unaware of the ESP scores on any of the sessions and none of the EEG analyses had been done at that time. In these forty runs, there were eighteen chance-scoring runs (four, five or six) and eight high-scoring runs (ten or greater). A comparison of chance-scoring runs with high-scoring runs showed no significant differences in pre-run to run shift in percent -time alpha, as we had found in Series 10. There was a mean percent-time alpha of 27.2 per cent during chance runs and a mean percent-time alpha of 35.7 per cent during high-scoring runs, a significant difference (P<.005, Mann-Whitney U test) of the type we had found in Series 10 (see Table 1).Six of the nine sessions had all their runs usable for EEG analysis. The other three all had no more than two usable runs and were not included in the following analysis. Four of the six sessions contained at least one high score and one had several. When the sessions were ranked according to mean deviation from chance, such a ranking correlated significantly with a similar ranking of the sessions according to mean alpha abundance during the run (Spearman rho = + 1.00, P< .05, two-tailed). The relationship between high alpha abundance and high ESP scoring may therefore exist in part as a between-session phenomenon. DISCUSSION Mr. Harribance’s High Scoring Rate L.H.’s overall scoring rate in Series 10 is the highest, to the knowledge of the authors, that anyone has produced during EEG recording. The conditions appeared well-controlled. L.H. was unable to make any sizeable body movement, such as leaving his chair or even leaning far forward, without producing an obvious neuromuscular artifact on the EEG record. Sensory cues were very unlikely. The photos were placed face down on a soft blanket in another room in such a way that even the EEG operator, in the same room as the cards, had difficulty in knowing when J.K. had finished placing the photos. The EEG machine itself made a loud hum. The wall separating the two rooms had formerly been an outside wall, and was thick. There were no openings from room to room save for the small opening through which the EEG leads ran, which was densely packed with rags. The door to L.H.’s room had been closed by the experimenter, and did not open into the room occupied by the experimenter. L.H. was signaled to begin the run, as noted earlier, by one rap given by the EEG operator before the cards had been placed down by J.K. Transfer of information through the signaling process therefore seems unlikely. No one knew the results until the end of the study, as neither person who was in possession of the duplicate records of cards and calls knew the code that was needed for scoring. Checks on the consecutive positions of each card from one run to the next revealed no tendencies toward sequential interdependence in the target order. L.H. therefore could not have obtained his high score by repeating calls from one run to the next. Several factors may have contributed to L.H.’s success in Series 10. He had just finished two similar experiments (Series 8 and 9) in the same rooms and with the same general procedure. He was also familiar with the EEG machine and procedure, had no fear of it, but was on the contrary eager to work with it. He was familiar with all the experimenters involved. He was aware of the importance of doing well in this experiment so that we could find out something about his internal state during high scoring. The fact that no one knew his results until after the last day appeared to add an element of tension and excitement that may have been helpful. There was drawn-out preparation for the start of each experiment: preparation of the EEG machine, attaching the electrodes to L.H., and making sure the equipment was working. The session itself generally lasted only ten to fifteen minutes with at most two hundred trials per day. These aspects of the study may have made the actual sessions distinct and important to L.H., thus keeping his level of motivation up for the duration of each session and for the experiment as a whole. Also, L.H. has always had a strong orientation toward psi-hitting as the sole mode for the expression of his abilities. Psi-missing, displacement, variance effects and differential effects have never been important for him. Series 11 was somewhat more relaxed psychologically, in that L.H. was allowed to see and touch the boxes containing the targets and was given his scores at the end of each session. Of special interest was L.H.’s success with the prearranged packs of ESP cards as opposed to the hand-shuffled cards of Series 10 and his ability to respond successfully through use of the telephone dial, a totally new mode of response for him. He viewed these conditions as more difficult than the procedures used with the ten photographs. The EEG Results as Related to Similar Studies by Others Examination of L.H.’s EEG activity showed that high scoring was accompanied in both series by greater percent-time alpha during the run than chance scoring, as well as by a tendency in Series 10 to increase percent-time alpha from pre-run to run. These findings appear to support the results of Cadoret (1) and Honorton (8) as opposed to Stanford and Lovin (22) and Honorton and Carbone (9). The psychophysiological aspects of the present studies are crude. We used an old EEG, only one channel for the actual EEG recording and in Series 10 scored the measurement of percent-time alpha by visual inspection. Our electrodes in Series 10 were not well placed for optimal sensitivity to the presence of occipital alpha since, as mentioned earlier, cross-hemisphere synchronous alpha cancels out in a bipolar occipital-occipital recording. We were unaware of this difficulty at the time. It was avoided in Series 11 by the use of monopolar recording. The results from Series 10 are therefore not directly comparable to the results obtained with monopolar leads. The percent-time alpha measures from Series 10 may not have been severely affected by the electrode placement, however, since a clinical EEG of L.H. showed that his occipital alpha tended to be asynchronous in general. Also, the consistency from Series 10 to 11 with respect to percent-time alpha during the run and ESP score suggests that the two measures have some factors in common. The discrepancies between the two provide a basis for exploration in further studies. The shortcomings in our EEG measurement probably made it less sensitive and served to obscure its relationship with ESP other than inflate it. The EEG measurements do not have the precision needed for definite and detailed conclusions. They do suggest this is a fruitful area of research with gifted subjects such as L.H. Inferences About Internal States What can we infer from these alpha relationships of L.H.’s internal state during his high-scoring runs? Several authors have claimed that the alpha rhythm is produced by various eye activities, such as corneoretinal potential, extraocular muscle tremor, eye position, accommodation and eyelid flutter, rather than by cortical and/or subcortical events. Fenwick and Walker (7), among others, have confirmed earlier studies by Dewan (5) and Mulholland and Evans (16) which showed that alpha rhythm can be produced in some subjects by having them elevate their eyes as much as possible. Such a position of the eyeballs is reported as uncomfortable and requiring continued effort, a subjective state hardly consonant with the "relaxed awareness" of which Lindsley (13, 14) and others speak. In none of these studies, however, has it been demonstrated that eyeball elevation is the only way that a subject may produce alpha. A recent study by Chapman et al. (2) examined alpha and kappa production in three subjects: one was missing both eyeballs but had oculomotor muscles present; the other had one normal eye but had total enucleation of the other orbital socket; i.e., eyeball, oculomotor muscles and periosteum had all been surgically removed. All three were given two tasks, one which should produce alpha and one which should produce kappa. In all three, alpha and kappa were present at appropriate times. The authors concluded that eye activity is not necessary for the production of alpha and kappa We did not attempt to monitor eye movements or otherwise to focus L.H.'s attention upon them. Nor did was attempt to collect reports of internal mental states periodically from L.H., as did Honorton (10) with his subjects. We wished to minimize any sources of introspection or distraction not present in the earlier non-EEG studies with L.H. However, is possible to infer some of L.H.’s activities and mental states at the time of testing. In Series 10 L.H. produced his alpha with eyes open, while performing the visually-oriented task of writing his responses. Inspection of the records showed that L.H.’s responses were consistently neat and within the squares provided on the record sheets, rendering it unlikely that he was elevating his eyeballs during high-scoring runs as opposed to chance-scoring runs. Additionally, when queried after the study L.H. reported that he was looking at the record sheet as he filled out his responses. The task performed by L.H. was one with which he was completely familiar, having done it in similar fashion on many occasions. Thus he would not necessarily have needed specific visual attention focusing of the sort normally considered to block alpha. Mulholland and Peper (17) found that subjects with eyes open showed less alpha when they were specifically fixating on an object and tracking it than when they were relaxing focus, allowing the object to blur and not tracking. In other words, with eyes open aspects of the specificity of attention called for in the task can affect alpha amount. Behavior which leads to cerebral vasoconstriction, such as hyperventilation, can also increase alpha abundance (4), but the mechanism is uncertain. Any explanation of L.H.’s alpha in terms of hyperventilation is unlikely since he has not been observed to hyperventilate during the course of other experiments. The present authors consider L.H.’s alpha differences as more probably reflecting differences in states of awareness. L.H.’s general descriptions of his internal state when doing well on an ESP task are consistent with many aspects of others descriptions of internal state when showing alpha. Before an ESP test, whether a free verbal response or a forced-choice test, L.H. often requests a period of meditation or rest, during which he clears his mind of extraneous thoughts and focuses his attention upon religious thoughts and symbols. During the actual tests, he also claims to clear his mind of extraneous thoughts. He says that he tries to be relaxed, to get rid of tension and to let the impressions come to him. He tries to avoid reasoning processes and feels that they are a distraction. Such accounts are familiar descriptions of the "alpha state" of relaxed awareness as reported by other investigators. (11, 12, 13). The relationships obtained between percent-time alpha and ESP scores suggest that L.H. succeeds at ESP when he is successful in entering the state described above. The present studies therefore provide some further support for the hypothesis that psi is more readily produced when one is in a certain mental state, associated in most people with a predominance of the alpha rhythm (with whatever biological origins it may have) and characterized by relaxation, alertness, lack of vivid visual imagery and lack of extraneous and distracting thoughts. Isolation of such a mental state would be of great help not only in aiding individuals to be better able to use whatever psi abilities they may have, but also in explaining and interpreting the many instances (e.g., gambling and crisis situations) in which psi is apparently not operating even though motivation is presumably high . Part of the identification of such a state will of necessity involve much fuller introspective descriptions of mental states as well as of attendant psychophysiological phenomena. More refined techniques of assessing transient internal states with minimal disturbance of those states are needed. More complete analysis of the psychophysiological phenomena should include such parameters as frequency, amplitude, duration and locus for the various EEG patterns. It seems likely that there are strong individual differences in alpha production, perhaps reflecting different biological origins and different internal information-processing events. Intensive work with selected individuals who have been pre-adapted to experimental procedures will be necessary to obtain the information needed to describe that particular kind of alpha which in a particular person is accompanied by a mood or internal state that is conducive to psi. Hopefully, the present studies will encourage more intensive psychophysiological work with selected subjects to that end. The results give encouragement to extend the studies to a wider spectrum of psychophysiological variables and of parapsychological testing conditions. In particular, we hope to examine the psychophysiological correlates of L.H. and other subjects as they participate in free verbal response tests, which involve a more complex (and often emotional) mode of response than card tests and which consequently call for more elaborate procedures and analysis. 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